A Short History of the Island of Hispaniola

Hispaniola Island

Divided Past...Shared Future?

Although Haiti and the Dominican Republic both share the same island—Hispaniola—the two countries have surprisingly different, but closely interwoven, histories. The island first became known to the western world when Columbus landed there in 1492, though it had been home to the native Arawak and Carib peoples for many years before that. Meanwhile, French and British buccaneers made use of the northern and western shores as ports (hence the infamous “pirates of the Caribbean’). As time passed and power changed hands many times, Haitians became bound to the fortunes of the French, while the Dominican people were more heavily influenced by Spain. This divergence is most evident today in the countries´ languages; Haitians primarily speak Creole and French, while most Dominicans speak Spanish. The colonizing countries took different approaches to their “prize,’ however, and while France enthusiastically took advantage of Haiti´s abundant resources to create a booming export business, Spain was more focused on interests elsewhere and for the most part, left the settlers to their own devices.

The geography of Hispaniola also contributed to the evolution of two distinct cultures. The Dominican side, with its long valleys and wide plains, was better suited to vast sugar cane and tobacco plantations, while the more mountainous Haitian territory was valued for its forests and rich topsoil. Capitalizing on these natural resources, the French imported African slaves to work their sugar cane plantations. When the slaves organized themselves and revolted against the French in 1804, Haiti became the world´s first black republic and the second nation in the western hemisphere (after the United States) to win its independence. This was not the end of Hispaniola´s many power shifts, and throughout its colorful history, parts of the island have been variously controlled at one time or another by the native Arawak people, the Spanish, the French, the Haitian slaves, the Haitian elite, the Dominicans, and American and U.N. military forces.

Despite the many differences, there are a number of similarities. Both countries have had political and economic unrest over the years and have suffered under the rule of ruthless dictators. Poverty remains widespread among both peoples. The United States has invaded and occupied each country at least once in its history. Catholicism is the primary religion for Haitians and Dominicans, although people on both sides of the border have incorporated aspects of spirit faiths, like voodoo and santeria, into their Catholic practices. There is a long history of tension and struggle between the two neighbors, and wars and atrocities are unfortunately frequent throughout their shared history. In today´s world, both are considered developing countries, though the Dominicans in recent years have been able to hold free and fair elections to form a stable, democratic government, an accomplishment Haiti still hopes and strives for.

Without question, the island of Hispaniola has a fascinating and, at times, heartbreaking history. New efforts at cooperation like the bi-national TB initiative could be a major step toward healing some of the divisions of the past and moving toward a more united future.

Un Pasado Dividido…Un Futuro Común?

Aunque Haití y la Republica Dominicana comparten la misma isla- Hispaniola- los dos países tienen historias diferentes pero en unas maneras, muy similares. La isla ha sido introducida al mundo del oeste cuando Cristóbal Colon lo descubrió en 1492, pero ha sido el hogar por las tribus Arawak y Carib por muchos años antes. Los piratas franceses e ingleses usaban las costas del norte y oeste como sus puertos (y de allí viene el término “Los piratas del Caribe’). Con el pasaje del tiempo y el cambio de poder entre muchas manos, los haitianos se juntaban con los franceses y los dominicanos se juntaban con los españoles. Esta divergencia es muy evidente hoy en día en las lenguas de los dos países: los haitianos primariamente hablan el Creole y francés, cuando la mayoría de los dominicanos hablan español. Los países colonizadoras tenían maneras muy diferentes de tratar su nuevo “premio’, como Francia se aprovechaba de los recursos naturales de Haití por crear un negocio muy fuerte de exportes, cuando España ha sido mas enfocado en otros partes del mundo y por el mayor parte, se dejo la gente de vivir sus propias vidas.

La geografía de Hispaniola también contribuye de la evolución de dos culturas distintas. El parte Dominicana, con sus valles anchos, he sido mejor por las haciendas de azúcar y tabaco, y la territorio montañosa de Haití ha sido valorada por sus selvas y su tierra rica. Por sacar la mayor parte de la riqueza de la tierra, los franceses importaban esclavos de África para trabajar en las haciendas de azúcar. Cuando los esclavos se organizaban y luchó una revuelta contra los franceses en 1804, Haití se hizo la primera republica negra del mundo y la segunda nación en el hemisferio del oeste (después del los Estados Unidos) de ganar su independencia. Esta revuelta no seria el fin de los cambios de poder en Hispaniola, y a través de su historia colorada, unas partes de la isla han sido controladas por unos pocos tiempos por los Arawak, los españoles, los franceses, los esclavos haitianos, la elite Haitiano, los dominicanos, y las fuerzas militares de los Estados Unidos y la N. U.

A pesar de sus diferencias, hay muchos puntos en común entre los dos países. Ambos habían tenido mucho tumulto económico y político por muchos años y su gente ha sufrido debajo de unos dictadores muy crueles. La pobreza todavía es un problema muy grave entre los dos países. Los Estados Unidos ha invadido y ocupado cada país a menos una vez. El catolicismo es la religión primaria por los haitianos y los dominicanos, aunque la gente de los dos lados ha incorporados unos aspectos de religiones antiguas en sus prácticos Católicos, como el voodoo y santería. Hay una historia muy larga de tensión y lucha entre los dos vecinos, y las guerras son frecuentes en su historia compartida. Hoy en día, los dos son considerados como países en desarrollo, aunque los dominicanos han sido capaces de tener sus propias elecciones libres para formar un gobierno estable y democrático- que es un suceso que Haití espera todavía.

Sin cuestión, la isla de Hispaniola tiene una historia interesante y en unos momentos, trágica. Nuevas fuerzas hacia la cooperación como la iniciativo bi-nacional seria un paso muy grande hacia la cierra de las divisiones del pasado y el movimiento hacia un futuro unido.

Divided Past...Shared Future?

Although Haiti and the Dominican Republic both share the same island—Hispaniola—the two countries have surprisingly different, but closely interwoven, histories. The island first became known to the western world when Columbus landed there in 1492, though it had been home to the native Arawak and Carib peoples for many years before that. Meanwhile, French and British buccaneers made use of the northern and western shores as ports (hence the infamous “pirates of the Caribbean’). As time passed and power changed hands many times, Haitians became bound to the fortunes of the French, while the Dominican people were more heavily influenced by Spain. This divergence is most evident today in the countries´ languages; Haitians primarily speak Creole and French, while most Dominicans speak Spanish. The colonizing countries took different approaches to their “prize,’ however, and while France enthusiastically took advantage of Haiti´s abundant resources to create a booming export business, Spain was more focused on interests elsewhere and for the most part, left the settlers to their own devices.

The geography of Hispaniola also contributed to the evolution of two distinct cultures. The Dominican side, with its long valleys and wide plains, was better suited to vast sugar cane and tobacco plantations, while the more mountainous Haitian territory was valued for its forests and rich topsoil. Capitalizing on these natural resources, the French imported African slaves to work their sugar cane plantations. When the slaves organized themselves and revolted against the French in 1804, Haiti became the world´s first black republic and the second nation in the western hemisphere (after the United States) to win its independence. This was not the end of Hispaniola´s many power shifts, and throughout its colorful history, parts of the island have been variously controlled at one time or another by the native Arawak people, the Spanish, the French, the Haitian slaves, the Haitian elite, the Dominicans, and American and U.N. military forces.

Despite the many differences, there are a number of similarities. Both countries have had political and economic unrest over the years and have suffered under the rule of ruthless dictators. Poverty remains widespread among both peoples. The United States has invaded and occupied each country at least once in its history. Catholicism is the primary religion for Haitians and Dominicans, although people on both sides of the border have incorporated aspects of spirit faiths, like voodoo and santeria, into their Catholic practices. There is a long history of tension and struggle between the two neighbors, and wars and atrocities are unfortunately frequent throughout their shared history. In today´s world, both are considered developing countries, though the Dominicans in recent years have been able to hold free and fair elections to form a stable, democratic government, an accomplishment Haiti still hopes and strives for.

Without question, the island of Hispaniola has a fascinating and, at times, heartbreaking history. New efforts at cooperation like the bi-national TB initiative could be a major step toward healing some of the divisions of the past and moving toward a more united future.

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